Intel Corporation: 1968-1997 Essay

Question: Apply the tetra threat framework in analyzing Intel’s strategy to sustain competitive advantage in microprocessors Threat of Imitation: * Intel used economies of scale to counter imitation. Project Crush helped it to gain IBM’s contract for the 8088 microprocessor. * By entering into a long term relationship with Microsoft, which was its complementor. * R&D also resulted in Intel coming up with upgrades and new generation of chips at a rapid rate. * Intel like many other microprocessors didn’t believe in patents and copyrights as the life cycle of the microprocessor was very low and the patents would become obsolete In the late 1980s Intel moved towards IPR protection for its technology and products. * Relationships with suppliers were also strong as its procurement strategy was best in breed technology. It also allowed dual-sourcing of critical pieces of production equipment. * Intel always overcame threats of retaliation by producing the next generation microprocessor of equivalent or better quality. This also comes true when it has entered the RISC market also. * Decision not to license the 386 to any manufacturer other than IBM helped Intel to position itself as the leading horizontal niche player in the computer chip segment. Threat of Substitution: * When companies and technologies evolved with CISC technology, Intel after little of straddling decide to stick over RISC technology and not respond to its competitors. * Intel has produced x386 processor before Microsoft came out with MS Dos 5.0 version, thus Intel always leapfrogged before the competitors could and making it difficult for the competitors to achieve similar high degrees of compatibility features. * Intel defended itself through Project Checkmate to win contracts. * The ‘Intel inside’ campaign, created a brand for the previously unknown and ambiguous interior of a PC. This created a first mover advantage for Intel as they were the first to brand it. Branding thus proved a recombining technique as everything was getting branded in the consumer market. * It also competed rigorously with Motorola in RISC keeping its CISC microprocessors. * It has also made itself compatible for better usage for Internet also thus building its competitive advantage continuously. * Intel also lessened its substitution problem by reducing the licensing companies to produce its chips and thus its revenue increased from 30% to 75%. Threat of hold-up: * Intel outsourced its 8086 chip manufacturing to 12 other companies in order to meet the high demands * Intel during its x386 launch had a major problem as IBM disagreed to buy the new microprocessors. Intel entered into a relationship with Compaq launched it in Deskpro 386 which became a huge hit. This built mutually dependence. The introduction of x386 transformed the industry which became more horizontal in nature which was more cost effective. * Intel also forward integrated and developed its own products through its systems business. It had been in the business of designing, manufacturing and selling electronic subsystems and even complete system products. * Also Intel tried to maintain a trust and build a relationship with all complementors and suppliers. * Intel increased its bargaining power by developing complementary products e.g. Microsoft OS is only compatible with Intel processors.

How Great Companies Think Differently Essay

This article highlights principles that leading companies employ to differentiate them from other companies that focus only on profits. These leading companies attempt to transcend the short-term bottom line mentality and aim at social involvement that will produce longevity and sustained profits over the long haul. Part of making money in the long term is longevity, and the way to longevity is to build an â€Å"enduring institution†. This is done through being more socially conscious and planning for better quality of life for employees including a healthy work life balance, and to provide a meaningful life purpose for workers that build people and society. The point is to remain financially viable for the long term because that’s the best way to serve society, the employees, and consumers. Key Takeaways 1. Businesses must invest in employee empowerment and engagement, and must adopt the attitude that employees are interested in more than just a paycheck. Companies must balance public interests with financial concerns, and attempt to improve the lives of consumers. Viewing the company as a societal institution and communicating a common purpose provides an identity for employees and helps protect against uncertainty. A larger purpose and vision inspires employees to think bigger and beyond the four walls of the company. 2. Business should have a clear, long term focus on a higher purpose than just financial achievement. This is achieved by investing in â€Å"the human side† of the organization. Listening to the interests of employees and possibly offering opportunities to pursue those under a sort of corporate sponsorship. Doing so should lead to deeper emotional connections to the company, which again supports longevity. 3. Moods are contagious. Moods can transmit institutional values, inspiring positive emotions about the company. It is therefore vital that leadership model the behavior that supports the long term corporate/social vision. If values are clear and well understood, they can be appealing to employees. Having employees who are emotionally engaged with the values gives them a sense of purpose greater than corporate goals, and feeds longevity because employees are bought in to the corporate values rather than a personality. 4. Globalization detaches the company from a single specific society. The global markets require purpose and vision that goes beyond a single company or societal group. This is positive because it feeds innovation and cultural sensitivity to the markets the company serves.

Aversive Racism and Inequality in Health Care

Running Heading: Aversive Racism and Inequality in Health Care Aversive Racism and Inequality in Health Care: Kenisha Wilkerson Walden University Socioeconomic conditions of persons and the places where they live and work do strongly influence their health. In the United States, as elsewhere, the risk for mortality, morbidity, unhealthy behaviors, reduced access to health care and poor quality of care increases with decreasing socioeconomic circumstances (CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report, 2011). Bias in the health care situation is most often indirect and universal (Halwani, 2011). Indirect discrimination occurs when exactly the same services are provided to everybody, but when cultural, religious, linguistic or other reasons it is not possible for members of one or more black and minority ethnic groups to benefit equally from them (Halwani, 2011) . Yet, when African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are compared to European Americans, these minority groups have higher rate of chronic diseases, higher mortality, and poorer health outcomes which is documented due to health disparities. While, aversive racism is caused by clever bias and ignorance rather than any malicious feelings towards minorities. Persons who often interact with minorities as equals (ei. coworkers, friends) rather than on a different level (employee/employer) will find themselves less likely to have hidden prejudices (Cannon, 2011). However, there are methods that can be used for reducing such racism for some but for others; simply understanding that aversive racism exists can help. In conclusion being in the know about racial or ethnic inequality in health care and aversive racism can help eliminate problems. Raising public and provider awareness of racial/ethnic disparities in care, expanding health insurance coverage (Obama Care), improving the capacity and number of providers in underserved communities, increasing the knowledge base on causes and interventions to reduce disparities, examining your own behavior, and techniques aimed at its roots at both the individual and collective levels. Bibliography

Unit 6 n&w Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unit 6 n&w - Coursework Example For instance if the calcium intake is poor, the baby will draw calcium from the mother’s bones. Low folate levels can lead to birth defects. The article specifies the quantity of each of the nutrients essential for a healthy baby and a healthy pregnancy term. The article does suggest recommended servings but does not specify what food should be avoided during pregnancy. As far as exercises and weight gain is concerned, it has been suggested to consult the doctor. Another article, written for BabyCenter (2008), details exactly what should and should not be eaten during pregnancy. While the first article suggests that extra 300 calories are required from the second trimester, this article suggests that 200 calories are required from the third trimester only. The article for BabyCenter gives more importance to the quality of food than to the quantity. It highlights the food that should particularly be avoided and advises some antenatal vitamin-mineral supplement along with food. It strongly advises against weight loss during pregnancy and weight gain should be gradual. The second article is much more comprehensive as it gives more details on a balanced diet while suggesting against particular foods during pregnancy. It also explains the reasons behind its advices. Thus, comparing it with what we have learned, it is not only important to know whet to eat but equally important to know what should be avoided. Secondly, it is not important to adhere to 3 to 5 meals per day but it should be tailored according to what the body can take. An individual body may take food in small quantities 5 to 6 times a day and this is considered normal. However, alcohol, caffeine and junk food should be avoided as far as possible during pregnancy. According to World Health Organization infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months for optimal growth, health and development (Health Canada, 2005). Thereafter they should be gradually introduced to

Parts Emporium & Industrial Repair Inc Coursework

Parts Emporium & Industrial Repair Inc - Coursework Example A week’s demand of the EG151 gasket averages 100 units, but the company orders just 150 units every 2 weeks, so there is insufficient supply coming in. This fact alone already puts the company at risk of getting its inventory overrun by demand, hence losing money and market in the end. There is also no denying the fact that until now, the company’s inventory has generally been poorly managed and maintained. When it comes to the DB032 drive belt, its case appears to be the exact opposite of the EG151 exhaust gasket. Currently, the company orders too many units of the product, thus ending up with a lot of leftover stocks. In business, the wise thing to do is always to maintain a balance between supply and demand; the firm is supplying too much DB032s. More importantly, there is no justification of this whatsoever. The firm has a lot size of 1,000 units for a product whose demand averages 50 every week; it also has 324 units on hand. A comparison of the company’s tr eatment of the DB032 drive belt and the EG151 exhaust gasket reveals that it has gotten its priorities completely wrong. The more in-demand product (EG151 exhaust gasket) has been given a small lot size and is undersupplied, while the less in-demand product (DB032 drive belt) has been given a large lot size and is overstocked to the extent that almost 3 weeks’ supply is on hand. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to develop a better and more efficient inventory system. I propose the following: For the EG151 Exhaust Gasket At least 150 units should be ordered every week so as to cushion the company from stockout and an inability to meet demand. In addition to this, the product should be given a larger lot size that can allow its inventory to be sufficiently built and maintained. The company should also improve the efficiency of its supply chain system so that backordering is reduced, losses are avoided, and market share is maintained or even gained. For the DB032 Drive Belt The lot size allocated to a product that sells an average of just 50 units each week is too much and not realistic. Allocating a lot size of 1,000 units to this product is almost criminal considering the EG151 exhaust gasket undersells and yet is given a lot size of just 150 units. Secondly, the company orders too many units of the DB032 drive belt, to the extent that surplus units are left in stock while demand remains low. Recommendations a) Reduce the lot size of the DB032 drive belt to 100 units, and increase the lot size of the EG151 exhaust gasket to 300 units. b) Increase the orders for the EG151 exhaust gaskets to 210 every two weeks, and reduce the orders for the DB032 drive belt to 150 units every 3 weeks. c) Slash or completely eliminate the tendency to backorder. d) Make better use of the warehouse, which is grossly underutilized. Question 2 The EG151 exhaust gasket costs $20 per order, while the DB032 costs $10 per order. Currently, the company orders 150 uni ts of the EG151 every 2 weeks, meaning it spends $3,000 every 14 days. For the DB032 drive belt, since the company has a lot size of 1,000 units it most likely orders that quantity every 3 weeks. This means that it spends $10,000 every 21 days. Total costs come to $13,000 every 35 days. My recommendation would mean that the company will spend $4,200 on the EG151 every 14 days and $1,500 on the DB032 drive b

The Role of a Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role of a Woman - Essay Example ge topic for many countries, especially the developing countries, it is with no doubts that the position that women hold in the society is greatly changing. In particular, the society has opened doors for women to conquer in vast areas while trying to support themselves and their families. Apart from taking care of their families, women now take part in businesses, leadership, and even the political arena. The capacity of a woman to decide whether to stay home with her family or to pursue a career is greatly impacted by what the society requires of them. It is with no doubt that a lot has changed since the earlier days when all decisions on money and careers were solely left for men. Today, educational opportunities are wide open for both sexes, and women are allowed to apply legally for practically any type of job. However, as much as women take up new and bigger roles in the society, they are still expected to take care of their families and homes. Generally, there is a notion that women are able to do it all. In essence, women are taught that they can be able maintain a home, raise a family, have a social life and manage their careers all alone. This results in a condition known as superwoman syndrome since it is theoretical impossible for a woman to do all this and still satisfy every aspect of her life. In fact, studies have shown that women who get help with child care and their housework are able to handle their work responsibilities more easily (Elliott,  47). By not delegating enough duties, women block their own path to career success as this makes their workload unmanageable. In this regard, women ought to choose where to put more emphasis between their families and their work. The society does play a great role in determining the kind of choices women make in terms of career and family duties. Human values and beliefs are based on what the society has put to be right and what it has displayed as wrong. Most of the society voices actually hinder women

Report -- financial investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report -- financial investment - Essay Example he company stood at 39,848 Million, which included 4,135 Million liquidity which is a good prospect for a shareholder as the company has good available liquidity. The company also has enough cash to pay off its short term liabilities. The company had a good prospect to pay off its short term and current liabilities. The sales of the company was spread all over the world and carried less amount of bad debts which also gave strength to its debtors turnover. The current ratio of the company is 1.44, with current Assets amounting to 12,571 and current liabilities 8,756. The company has a substantial cover over its current liabilities and has enough current assets to overcome the current liabilities. The industry’s average current ratio is 1.08, which gives an indication that Pepsi is well off compared to the other companies. The company carries 8,759 quick assets to cover current liabilities worth of 8,756 which gives a quick ratio of 1. (Co.) The current assets of the company amount to 17,551 while the current liabilities stand at 13,721. It makes the current ratio stand at 1.28. This specifies that the company has adequate current assets to pay off their current obligations. (Stock-Analysis, 2010) However, the quick assets make up 12,971 of the current assets which are less than the current liabilities. This may create difficulty for the company when it pays off its current liabilities. (Cola) The profitability ratios, i.e. the Return on Assets and the Return on Equity for the company amount to 14.92% and 35.38% respectively. (Stock-Analysis) The similar rations for the industry stand at 4.14% and 11.9% respectively which gives Pepsi Inc an upper hand as it has utilized its assets and equity very efficiently. The company generated a Return on Assets and Return on Equity equal to 14.72% and 27.52% respectively which is well over the industry norms. The company generated a profit of 6,824, which is 1,000 more than the profit of the company last year and 800

Intro and conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Intro and conclusion - Essay Example Greece is one of the prominent countries in the European Union. However, unlike many other countries in EU, Greece is currently struggling a lot because of financial problems. EU is doing everything possible to revitalize Greece’s economy. However, the depth of the financial problems facing by Greece seems to be big. However, Greece still offers enough opportunities to foreign direct investments. Greece realized that internal resources are limited to streamline the economic progress in the right path. Currently they are trying hard to attract Foreign Direct Investment as much as possible to escape from the financial problems. New products and existing products have equal opportunities in Greece at present. Because of the blind faith in the abilities of Americans, American products are accepted with both hands by Greeks. Product manufacturers in America can capitalize on such attitudes of Greek people. We have planned to develop a new multipurpose product; alarm clock/ smart phone charger / coffee maker and market it in Greece. This paper is written as a marketing plan for the newly developed alarm clock in Greece. The current population in Greece right now is 10,767,827 (â€Å"Greece Demographics Profile 2013.†). There are currently 4,704,248 people that makes up our products target market, which is roughly 44% of the total current market (â€Å"Greece Demographics Profile 2013.†). Over the past three years, Greece’s economy has been on the decline and with the recently raised income taxes, there has been a decline in disposable income as well (â€Å"Cafes/Bars in Greece.†). For the average adult, the normal work week consists of 40 hours, but during this time, Greeks do not take normal lunch breaks (â€Å"Cafes/Bars in Greece.†). Instead they take multiple shirt breaks throughout the day in which they get coffee or a quick snack (â€Å"Cafes/Bars in Greece.†). Coffee has become apart of Greek culture where its is a daily routine. Greeks

Marketing Proposel For a Product Research Proposal

Marketing Proposel For a Product - Research Proposal Example The company can target especially the women and geographic markets for the product. In order to market the product, the company would have to devise certain effective implementation plans that include conducting surveys, meetings and analyzing the products of the competitors. The aforementioned strategies and the plans would ultimately support the company to effectively market the product of Special K. 2. Company Description The Kellogg Company which is prominently acknowledged as Kellogg’s or Kellogg is regarded as a multinational company that manufactures various food products such as vegetarian foods, crackers, cereal along with convenience foods and snacks among others. The official headquarter of the company is positioned in Michigan, United States. The different products of Kellogg’s are produced in 18 countries and promoted in excess of 180 nations. Kellogg’s started its production as Kellogg’s Corn Flakes in the year 1906 and significantly develope d a product line of well-known readymade cereals over the years that comprise Kellogg’s All –Bran, Complete Bran Flakes and Rice Krispies among others. It has been apparently observed that Kellogg’s arrived into the business of health food that manufactures significant number of products which are sold in different markets. Consequently, the company is earning considerable profits through its effective production as well as packaging strategy (Brown, Keegan, Vigus, and Wood, â€Å"The Kellogg Company Optimizes Production Inventory, and Distribution†). The vision of the company is to deliver quality products for making the world healthier. The main objective of the company is to provide healthy nourishment to every members of a family throughout the globe so that they can lead healthy life ahead (Kellogg Co., â€Å"Staying Focused. Going Further†). The various environmental initiatives as well as focusing upon different sustainability aspects ultima tely supported the organization to attain success in this competitive marketplace (Michman & Mazze 127). 3. Environmental Analysis Political The production of agricultural products provides certain risks and uncertainties for the organizations intending to sustain in this competitive financial market. . Kellogg’s efficiently performs its business operations in different regions throughout the globe. It has been observed that varied government policies as well as regulations imposed unfavorable impact upon the company that ultimately affected its decision-making procedure by a significant level. The production, marketing and distribution of the food products that are exposed to governmental regulations are increasingly becoming complex day by day. Apart from the dissimilar governmental policies and regulations, certain other factors within the political context such as licensing requirements, trade as well as pricing practices and environmental factors also laid significant im pact upon the operations of the company. Moreover, the increment in tariff rates comprising value added taxes also had an immediate effect upon the business operations of the company (Kellogg Company, â€Å"Risk Factors†). Economic It has been viewed that McDonald’s performs its operational functions in different regions throughout the globe. The company fixes the prices of its products by taking into concern the economic situation of the countries where it operates.

Sovereign wealth funds. International Finance Essay

Sovereign wealth funds. International Finance - Essay Example These funds’ management is separated from official management of foreign currency reserve. The aim of SWFs among others is to manage government wealth so that funds do not remain static thus balancing investment with savings. The SWFs as a government-based investment strategy may involve the buying of shares in profit making organization or the taking over of a foreign based company, foreign direct investment, purchase of stakes in financial firms, long-term government bond amongst others. This process has resulted in a well recognized trend in monetary trade, foreign currency policy, and new international finance strategies. But, much debate subsists on the legitimacy of these policies and their ethical parameters. There are considerable economic and social issues associated to fairness of competition and possible political non-commercial hidden agenda, which come to the surface seriously. Various institutions are starting to feel greatly concerned by the issue of SWFs especi ally because these investments are taking considerable proportions. While many countries are facing important turnabouts and recession in their economy others are continuously sustaining their considerable economic rise. Some major states are facing recurrent financial crises due to external parameters which are out of their control for instance the oil crisis, financial globalization which results in accumulation of wealth in term of foreign currencies and financial asset by some countries. While there was the 800 billion U.S dollars deficit in 1996 in the United State’s current account, export-oriented economies of South East Asian countries were enjoying incessant growth. It is universally recognized thus, that the subsequent rise in SWFs is a result of large global macroeconomic impairment and imbalances. These major discrepancies have resulted in some countries possessing high relative ratio of foreign currency reserve which has boosted considerably the event sovereign wealth

The Native Family Versus the Dominant Culture Essay Example for Free

The Native Family Versus the Dominant Culture Essay The current interest in what has come to be called multicultural literature has focused critical attention on defining its most salient characteristic: authoring a text which appeals to at least two different cultural codes. (Wiget 258) Louise Erdrich says shes an emissary of the between-world. (Bacon) I have one foot on tribal lands and one foot in middle-class life. Her stories unfold where native family and dominant culture clash yet rarely blend, a kaleidoscope of uneasy pieces. The reader becomes the mediator, an observer on the edges as two cultural codes (Wiget 258) collide. She creates dyads: shards of interaction as identities reflect patterns from both cultures. Born in 1954 in Little Falls, Minnesota, Louise Erdrich grew up in Wahpeton, North Dakota. Her heritage includes a French-Ojibwe mother and a German father. With encouragement from her father, she learned to write stories and read William Shakespeares plays (Giles 44). Her parents taught at the Bureau of Indian Affairs School while her grandparents lived on Turtle Mountain Reservation nearby. She did not study the Ojibwe language or culture until she moved to New Hampshire with her husband, Michael Dorris. She had taking an anthropology class taught by Dorris at Dartmouth, which stimulated her interest in Native American storytelling. Feeling estranged from her family and heritage after moving away, she decided to learn more about the High Plains setting of her stories. (Habich) During her lifetime, Erdrich probably experienced racism or prejudice because of segregation laws in the fifties. A member of the first coeducational class at Dartmouth in l972, she earned an MA in creative writing at Johns Hopkins University. (Habich) She worked at a variety of jobs: life guarding, waitressing, teaching poetry in prisons, weighing trucks on the interstate and hoeing sugar beets. Erdrich found urban life different from reservation life when she became an editor for the Circle, a Boston Indian Council  newspaper. She raised several children, some adopted, which provided insight and an understanding of human experience from yet another point of view. Louise Erdrich reveals the Native American lifestyle and collects truths common to all races in her books of poetry, Jacklight and Baptism of Desire, and novels, The Beet Queen, Tracks, Love Medicine, and The Bingo Palace. She commented in a 1991 Writers Digest interview: The people in our families made everything into a story. They love to tell a good story. People sit and the stories start coming, one after another. You just sort of grab the tail of the last persons story: it reminds you of something and you keep going on. I suppose that when you grow up constantly hearing the stories rise, break and fall, it gets into you somehow. (Giles 43) Family for Native Americans means living as a tribe where all adults share some responsibility for socializing the children. The extended kinship system connects an individual to all members of the society, either by descent or marriage, or through formal religious or social affiliations. (Encyc of No Amer Indians) In American Horse, Erdrich combines pieces seeking configuration. Erdrichs characters are met the way people in real life are met: you meet them and then you start knowing who their family is and what their background is. (Huey) Set on the North Dakota Indian reservation, Erdrich creates dyads of conflict where characters interface. A mirroring polarity also occurs between two feminine worlds in American Horse. Albertine exists as the mother living in hiding and fear that the authorities will take her son, Buddy. The social worker, Vicki Koob, approaches with clouded notions of what is best for him. In all likelihood, she never has experienced motherhood. Each relates from her culture of inner core values and contradictions. Through Buddy, Erdrich reveals a mother-son dyad. He is the product of the man she had loved and let go. (American Horse l96) Erdrich uses visual imagery throughout the story to reflect what is perceived and what is real. Buddy had been knocked awake out of hiding in a washing machine while herds of policemen with dogs searched through a large building with many tiny rooms. . . .Tss, his mother mumbled, half awake, Wasnt nothing. But Buddy sat up after her breathing went deep again, and he watched. There was something coming and he knew it. (American Horse 196) The reader has sound and visual cues to determine Albertines condition. Is she sleeping or in a stupor? Later the social worker alludes to Albertine as an alcoholic. [But notice that the child only speaks of the sweet scent of powder on his mother, not of alcohol] Buddy is sitting on the edge along with the reader. When Erdrich changed the Buddy character to Redford for a chapter in The Bingo Palace, she included the words that hes been knocked out of a dream where he was hiding in a washing machine. (Bingo Palace 171) providing more insight into how he gained his surrealistic visions. Buddy has a picture in his mind: It was a large thing made of metal with many barbed hooks, points, and drag chains on it, something like a giant potato peeler that rolled out of the sky, scraping clouds down with it and jabbing or crushing everything that lay in its path on the ground. (American Horse 197) In Bingo Palace, it becomes, something like Grandma Zeldas potato peeler providing a concrete connection to Buddys apprehension. Buddys vision reveals that hell be peeled away from his home. Buddys sexual identity also is awakening. He learns about women through Albertine with visual and tactile clues. The confliction further increases since he has created their situation, even though he realizes his importance  in her life. he felt like hugging her so hard and in such a special way that she would say to him, Lets get married. there were also times he closed his eyes and wished that she would die, only a few times, but still it haunted him that his wish might come true. (American Horse 197) The narrative sets up for the dominant white cultures power play, represented by the white social worker, Miss Vicki Koob, two police officers, a tribal officer named Harmony and a state officer, Brackett who have legal papers to take Buddy. They show no respect to Albertine, her maternal or civil rights. The dyad of two women has different visions for Buddy and of human life. One woman will fight for his life; the other becomes more concerned about her hair and sexual excitement with a co-worker. She treats Buddy like a used car: I want to find that boy and salvage him, Vicki Koob explained to Officer Bracket as they walked into the house. Look at his family life the old man crazy as a bedbug, the mother intoxicated somewhere. (American Horse 201) [Notice how she assumes that she can salvage him or that he needs salvaging. She just assumes that she can embrace and hold him and it will be better than the embrace of his mother.] Not one thing escaped Vicki Koobs trained and cataloguing gaze. (Indian Horse 202) Vicki, in her focus on details, misses the family productivity seen in quilts made from salvaged wool coats. She sees only the television sets in various states of repair, and the minimal food in the refrigerator. Never reacting with the compassion of a woman nor a mother, her perception has limited vision. Harmony vacillates in his identity as Indian and member of the white mans world as peace officer. Harmony cannot achieve his own name. Nor is it to be expected that the identity eventually achieved will be associated with  any recognizable single culture. (Caws 372) As a tribal officer who could be counted on to help out the State Patrol, Harmony thought he always had to explain about Indians or get twice as tough to show he did not favor them. (Indian Horse 199) With the battle lines set, Uncle Lawrence comes eye to eye with Miss Koob. The eye bulged impossibly wider in outrage when he saw the police car. But the eyes of the two officers and Miss Vicki Koob were wide open too. (Indian Horse 199) Lawrences vision extends beyond all of them. He must appear crazy to survive even though he knows they will take him away. Erdrich inserts a bit of comic relief and develops Lawrence as a trickster. Its impossible to write about Native life without humor thats how people maintain sanity. (Bacon) Uncle Lawrence wore a thick white corset laced up the front with a striped sneakers lace. His glass eye and his set of dentures were still out for the night so his face puckered here and there, around its absences and scars, like a damaged but fierce little cake. (Indian Horse 199) In the final conflict between Albertine and Harmony, he shows a dreamy little smile of welcome. Albertine appeals to ancestral wisdom, her fathers power and grace: [her father] American horse took the butterfly, a black and yellow one, and rubbed it on Albertines collar bone and chest and arms until the color and powder of it were blinded into her skin. For grace, he said. (204) She removes her belt to defend herself, swinging the turquoise butterfly that  protects from negative energy. A Native American symbol of power, it represents life itself. A personal fetish was usually a crude representation of an object seen in a dream, either by the wearer or by someone who transferred it to him, together with the powers or benefits accruing from the dream (Callahan). She flings her final vestiges of power: Her fathers hand was on her chest and shoulders lightening her wonderfully. Then on wings of her fathers hands, on dead butterfly wings, Albertine lifted into the air and flew toward the others. (American Horse 205) Albertine expects to be shot but Harmony only hits her on the head and leaves her behind. To him she is trouble and not worth taking. The last paragraph sets the scene for the helpless Native American, forced to assimilate into the dominant white culture. Albertine is knocked out on the ground. Miss Koob gives Buddy a candy bar while he rides in the back seat of the police car. Then Buddy reflects: There was no blood on Albertine, but Buddy tasted blood now at the sight of her, for he bit down hard and cut his own lip. He ate the chocolate, every bit of it, tasting his mothers blood. And when he had the chocolate down inside him and all licked off his hands, he opened his mouth to say thank you to the women, as his mother had taught him. But instead of a thank you coming out he was astonished to hear a great rattling scream, and them another, rip out of him like pieces of his own body and whirl onto the sharp things all around him. (American Horse 206) Does Buddy taste the blood of his fallen ancestors from years of domination? Will Albertine rise again to find him? Erdrich leaves the final judgments to the reader in the hopes the story does not play out as it always has before. [Use hanging indents for the Works Cited page see example below] Works Cited Bacon, Katie, An Emissary of the Between World. A Conversation with Louise Erdrich, Atlantic Unbound, January 17, 2001www.theatlantic.com/cgibin/send.cgi?page+http%3A/ . Callahan, Kevin, An Introduction to Ojibway Culture and History http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/5579/ojibwa.html. Caws, Peter. Identity: Cultural, Transcultural and Multicultural. Multiculturalism. A Critical Reader. David Theo Goldberg,Ed. Malden, Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishers. 1994 371-386. Childrearing. Encyclopedia of North American Indians http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_007000_childrearing.htm. Erdrich, Louise. American Horse. Stories from the Promised Land A multicultural anthology of American fiction, Eds. Wesley Brown and Amy Ling. New York: Persea Books, 1991. 196-296. Erdrich, Louise. The Bingo Palace. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. Giles, James R. and Wanda (ed). The Dictionary of Literary Biography. Detroit: Gale Research, Incorporated, 1995. Habich, John. Louise Erdrich: 2001 Artist of the Year Star Tribune December 30, 2001. About Louise Erdrich. http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/erdrich/about.htm. Huey, Michael, Two Native American Voices: Interview with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris. Christian Science Monitor, March 02, 1989. http://www.csmonitor.com/cgi-bin/getasciiarchive?tape/89/ulouise. Owens, Louis. Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. Spillman, Robert. The Creative Instinct. The Salon Interview. (9 July 1997). Wiget, Andrew. Identity, Voice, and Authority: Artist-Audience Relations in Native American Literature. World Literature Today. Volume: 66. Issue: 2.1992, 258.

Marketing And Branding For Online T Shirt Companies

Marketing And Branding For Online T Shirt Companies The current study is aimed to predict the Marketing plan and the Branding through a mix of marketing products for my Online T- shirt Company based in India for the next 2 years. Therefore the current study has been focused to deliver the appropriate marketing plan supported by effective brand positioning related to market the T- Shirts via internet and how will the techniques attract the customers. Thus the T- shirts of the Online selling firm are being separated from the various other marketing policies and brands through this approach. The appropriate recommendations for effective branding which in turn carry out marketing for my company is as below: Analyzing the product and assessing the positive aspects of the product. Preparing the appropriate marketing plan suitable for my firm Branding the product on the basis of the unique quality through repositioning. Regain the edge and strengthening the brand values through marketing plans. Suggesting the future marketing capacity and the opportunity for the firm Adoption of suitable branding strategies such as branding by planning, branding imageries, branding experience and the branding by self expression. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: The situation analysis of my firm Online T shirt company has been commenced to study the needs and requirements of the target consumers for better satisfaction and thus for improving the business it is necessary for my business to concentrate more on the clients and an effective study about the internal circumstances as well as the external opportunities, current trends of the market place, and the assessment of the capability of my firm Online T shirt company. Hence for this, I decided to carry out the situational analysis as the main aim through which the 5 Cs of my firm can be evaluated. The 5 C s is the major aspects that are related with the firm that will help me to take better marketing verdicts and strategies. The basic ideology in carrying out the situational analysis is to study the macro economical, micro economical and the internal aspects of my firm. The basic 5 Cs are the common factors related with the firms such as company, consumers, challengers, and collaborators and finally the climate. The following are the major aspects of the situational analysis I want to relate with my firm Online T Shirt Company. Company: For my Company, Online T Shirt firm will include the following aspects under this category: The manufactured goods such as T Shirts. Reflection in the market place The expertise and familiarity Ethnicity and backgrounds of firm Ambitions and future targets Collaborators: These aspects are the major functional players of my firm such as: Dealers Affiliates Distributors Customers: The main aspects of my business are the target consumers and for the analyzing the situation, the following aspect have been selected: Size of the Market and its expansion Major segments of the Market place Outstanding profits that customer is aiming to search for both physical and indefinable profits Impulse behind procurement; significant drivers, profits vs. expenses Resolution maker or the administrative component of the firm Study about the current retail trend that includes the current trend followed by the consumer for real acquirement the merchandise. The sources of customer data resources about the SEO where the shoppers obtain information about the merchandise. Process of buying that is by desire or vigilant judgment Incidence of acquisition, seasonal features of the goods. Capability of purchase with certain quantity at a time Recognition of consumer needs, new trends and inclinations and expected change of trend over time Competitors: the next set of considerations for the analyzing the situations are the factors about the competitors of my company: Authentic or probable rivals Straight and indirect rivals Goods of rivals Place of positioning of goods Market shares Strong points and limitations of competitors Climate: The climate is the fifth C in analysis or macro-environmental factors related with my Online T Shirt Company are: The financial atmosphere such as business cycle, rate of inflation, rate of interests, and other macroeconomic concerns Authoritarian and the political background like policies provided by the government and policies that influence the souk Social and the cultural aspects such as fashion and trends of the society Technical backgrounds such as latest acquaintance that will allow probable innovative traditions of fulfilling the needs of the clients and the blow of expertise on the demand for accessible goods. SWOT Analysis: Thus for analyzing the about facts of my company Online T- shirt firm special strategic tool will be applicable. This tool availing the analysis of situation is termed as SWOT analysis. The following is the SWOT analysis of my Online T Shirt Company. (Kotler et al., 2006. Pp. 63) Strengths for my Online T Shirt Company: The products are of good quality and available in various shades The company has extended line of distribution and global commerce availability The delivery will be done appropriately and on timely basis Carry out the process with lower prices Lesser costs of other expenses and staff costs Weaknesses: As the online business is growing in extent and is available globally several weaknesses may arise and sometimes these are more compared to conventional commerce threats. The following are some of the anticipated weaknesses for my Online T -Shirt Company for next 2 years: Chance for no proper retention due to the availability of identical products No personal feel and checking of products may not be preferred The expenses of transport and manufacturing may rise from what has been quoted All the visitors may not make proper sales order Opportunities: The following are some of the anticipated opportunities for my Online T -Shirt Company for next 2 years: The rapid growth of online users due to appropriate web hosting processes. More availability of traffic and more effective sales of the company The online shopping is very opportunistic and most comfortable The improved security in transactions have increased the scope for online T Shirt commerce as well The company can still be able to provide the service in wide fledge and also in other accessories also that is extension is main opportunity Threats: For my Online T Shirt Company many ascertain various threats due to the high internet usage and some of these might be severe as well. The following are some of the threats to the company: Due to easy entry of various businesses may cause lot of competition and rivalry Lack of customer relationship management will further cause losses Duplication of the products and network security attacks MARKETING AND BRAND OBJECTIVES: Sales and Price Targets The sales and price targets is very important for my company as depending on this the future plan can be made. The target price will decide the sales target of the company. In general the EPS forecasts will be made to suggest the sales target and target prices. In my Company, the proposed sales target can be predicted as Rs. 35, 00, 000 per annum whose price target will fall around Rs. 30, 00, 000. Satisfaction levels and change in awareness The level of satisfaction is very important for any company. My Online T Shirt Company shall deliver the objectives such that the satisfaction is enhanced in consumers by providing the services through active comparison from other services both in prices, quality and efficiency, quality, flexibility, lesser operational prices, swift delivery, more revenue of sales, etc. And in turn the loyalty is built. Thus the awareness will be built in consumers regarding the process and product of online T Shirt Company. The process of uniqueness will develop positive attitude and behavior ultimately providing better opportunity for business. The branding and the sales objectives for the company are thus framed in order to improve the commerce of the company by keeping various aspects in notion such as Sales Price targets, satisfaction level of consumers, changes in customer awareness, attitude, behavior etc. all these will enumerate the effectiveness of branding and marketing in return the major objectives are: To develop viable branding process for my Online T Shirt company To assess the benefits, opportunities of company by delivering threats. To deliver appropriate banding strategies To predict the target price and sales target for next 2 years. To assess the marketing delivered through effective branding strategy MARKETING AND BRAND STRATEGY: For my Online T Shirt Company, the following are the appropriate marketing and branding strategies: Marketing Plan: For my online T Shirt Company the development of the appropriate marketing plan approach will be applicable as it mainly concentrates on the core objective of the business, includes various strategies, budget plan, target consumers, E commerce, pricing process, various risks involved and finally the marketing plan will help evaluate the effectiveness of the process. Hence these factors can be appraised as follows: Present Position Online T Shirt Company is a starting firm that will mainly deal the business through internet starting from selection of T shirts to put a deal and from tracking the consignment to delivering it. Hence my company also wants to improve the off line marketing policy to improve the significance of the company in the Indian market which improves the awareness of clients. Budget Plan As my company is dealt through online, the Budget plan include about 20% of total budget towards internet operation and about 10% to the telephone processing etc. the budget plan is perfect to implement and no necessary changes in the plan anticipated. Customers The target customers for my Online T Shirt Company are from genders male and female, all ages, and target client income shall be from high to middle class. As many of these client bases use the internet more traffic can be maintained. Pricing For my Online T Shirt Company, the pricing will be maintained very nominal so that the costs will be enormously low with eminent quality and lower time delivery from other competitors to draw clients from their base. Marketing Strategies The major strategy applicable for my Online T Shirt Company will be through online marketing and offline marketing that will improve the reputation of business and draw consumers. With the advent of the technology and change in the current trends various forms of marketing concepts can be employed in the marketing of the goods and services delivered by the organization in the unique way of approach. All the marketing techniques will however ultimately have the identical goals such as to acquire the large amount of clients and to withhold the clients and this is very important for my company in order to achieve the objective. The company may go for social networking as marketing base where the customers can explain the simplicity of process, product quality, lower costs and other benefits, mouth marketing, by providing special discounts, complimentary gifts, exclusion some type of taxes etc. Brand Plan The term branding for my Online T Shirt Company will be effectively deliver the motivation to the consumer and help retain through proper satisfaction. Thus the loyalty can be increased by highlighting the service opportunity, effective quality, emotional branding and unique t shirt designs, lower costs, identity as global presence etc. Branding strategy The brand strategy will be of various types such as brand planning, branding by imageries, branding by experience and the branding by self expression. In the case of my Online T -Shirt Company, the first and the last approach will be very advantageous though remaining strategies can also be applied. The first method is planning for branding where by proper research of market and demand for good and competence, the brand can be positioned. The self expression of branding will be built through satisfaction of consumers. ACTION PROGRAMME: The action plan of the company will be carried out by focusing on the 7 Ps of marketing mix in my company. The following are the main factors considered in the company in planning the strategy. 7 Ps: Pricing This type of marketing strategy is implemented to attract the consumers with minimum mark- up which may be lower from other outlets. My Online T Shirt Company may mark the goods with nominal prices with better discounts. Product The product strategy involves developing of novel products which may change according to the consumer current requirements. My online T Shirt Company shall be able to develop the products by keeping specific target clients in view with eminent colors and design aspects with current trends. Distribution My Online T Shirt companies have its own distribution channels and means which can be further improved with the growing expansion of the organization. The company will agree the process of delivery of the goods in harmony with local bodies for a timely liberation of the goods. Promotional My Online T Shirt Company generally follows the drastic promotional program with discounts and offers on various product range. A Google AdWords is the main source of promotions even for small and less branded firms to exercise the commerce equally with effective value. This mode of process will charge less money for advertising. Most of the people make use of Google for their main search option. Place The concept of the place strategy is very difficult to select in the conventional business compared to that of online business. For my Online T Shirt Company, the place of business is internet, where it can be operated from any place. But the main concern will depend to select the delivery place. Participants The participants are the people who are partaking in the business. The major participants of the commerce will vary based on various aspects such as gender, sizes, age, cultures, life styles, incomes etc. the major participants for the case of my Online T shirt company will be people both young and grown-ups and from kids to adults. The people also range with various sizes and genders etc. Process In my Online T Shirt Company, the process of service is to deliver the goods of sales through online interaction and online payment process. Physical evidence The physical evidence is essentially a form of guide and manual, leaflets that will guide the client to make the necessary operations such as keeping an order in the case of my Online T shirt company. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENTS: For the Online T Shirt Company to deliver the profit and loss statements it requires various aspects such as resolution of income, recognition of gains and revenues, recognition of loss and profits Revenues: Year 1 Year 2 Net Sales Rs. 30, 00, 000 Rs. 35, 00, 000 Interest Income Rs. 75, 000 Rs. 1, 00, 000 Gain on Sales of T Shirts Rs. 25, 00, 000 Rs. 30, 00, 000 Total Revenue Rs. 55, 75, 000 Rs. 66, 00, 000 Costs and Expenses: Costs of T shirts sold Rs. 30, 00, 000 Rs. 35, 00, 000 Selling expenses Rs. 7750 Rs 9000 General and Administrative expenses Rs. 4000 Rs. 5000 Internet expenses Rs. 5000 Rs. 6, 000 Telephone expenses Rs. 5000 Rs. 5500 Shipping expenses Rs. 10, 000 Rs. 12, 000 Delivery expenses Rs. 40, 000 Rs. 42, 000 Office supplies Rs. 4000 Rs. 5000 Insurance expenses Rs. 50, 000 Rs. 60, 000 Interest expenses Rs. 10, 000 Rs. 12, 000 Income taxes Rs. 5000 Rs. 6000 Total Costs and Expenses Rs. 31, 40, 750 Rs. 36, 62, 500 Net Income: Rs. 24, 34, 250 Rs. 29, 37, 500 CONTROL METHODS: The control methods are the basic requirements of any form of business organization as it will directly effect on the success of the firm. Various plans or strategies are followed in the firm in order to control the process. Annual Plan The annual plans are to deliver the flow of process, goals and objectives which my company wants to achieve at the end of the year. The long range vision is observed to be the key function that will provide with the annual plan of the firm. My Online T-shit company goals are to achieve the target sales of Rs. 35, 00, 000 for next 2 years. Profitability The profitability will be determined as the capability of the firm to deliver the anticipated total income constantly in all the years. My online t-shirt company anticipates a net income of Rs. 30, 00, 000 for the next 2 years. This can be calculated in terms of return of Investments or ROI. Where ROI = (Net profit Amount Invested) / (Amount Invested) Efficiency The efficiency is the most significant term where the achievement of or ability to carry out a job with a least expenses of time and effort: The assembly line increased industrys efficiency Strategic controls and Marketing Audits The audits are carried out internally in the firm so as to appraise the system of accounting. Â  As a management tool, the audit measures and evaluates the effectiveness of management controls. The Naval Audit Service provides an independent audit of programs, activities, systems, and procedures. CONCLUSION: Hence it can be concluded by carrying out study on marketing plan and branding on my Online T-shirt Company is that the effective branding and marketing will in turn carry out the marketing that will help the organization to make strategic positioning. The process of branding will improve with the selection of benefits that may catch the pulse of target consumers and generally the emotional benefits whereas the marketing is the strategic process which will help the organization to sketch the plan of action so as to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. Any marketing technique will focus mainly over the 7 Ps of the product or the service delivered by the company and to study the benefits of rivals and prepare for the plan to defy the responses of the rivals. This concept will also assist the company to determine the level of performance of his company and the rival company. For achieving the goals to generate more sales and brand position as eminent firm will necessities to make a plan of action which is carried out by marketing and brand strategies and early estimation of profits and losses along with the better control factors.

International marketing activities

International marketing activities International marketing activities are interlinked with a firms corporate goals, objectives and strategy. The overall aims, objectives and strategy of a firm has a great impact on international marketing decisions e.g, whether to enter new uncertain markets and how maximum would be risk that the firm is ready to take or the level of control required over international operations. There is no denying in fact that a persons self reference criterion (SRC) and an associated ethnocentrism are a two primary obstacles to success in international marketing self reference criteria is defined as an unconscious reference to ones own cultural values, experiences and knowledge as a basis for decisions. Ethnocentrism is closely connected to self reference criteria .It can be defined as the nations that ones own culture or company knows best how to do things. Ethnocentrism has been seen particularly a problem in the American managers at the beginning of the 21st century just because of Americas dominance in the world economy during the late 1990s. Ethnocentrism exists in the firms where the managers from affluent countries work with managers and markets which are less affluent. Understanding and dealing with the self reference criteria are two of the most important facets in international marketing. Even though self reference criteria and ethnocentrism provides the ability to firm to understand better a foreign markets in its true light. It is essential for eastern and western marketers to have a knowledge of their cross cultures because if any one from these is not aware, they may evaluate a marketing mix on their respective market experiences (their SRC) without knowing and fully appreciating the cultural differences attaining adaptation .Appropriateness of a domestically designed marketing for a international markets is also of vital importance because its evaluation can be badly effected by SRC. FOR EXAMPLE: (ESSO) ESSO, that is the brand name of gasoline was a successful name in the united states and apparently it would be considered less harmful enough for other foreign countries but if we see in Japan, the name phonetically means â€Å"stalled car† which is strange and is considered as undesirable image of petrol. For marketers to be successful in foreign markets, it is necessary for them to take time and they must know about culture, norms, tastes, traits and behavior of other markets (countries) and also to look beyond their own self reference criteria because this advantage will give them an golden opportunity to make their products or activities successful in cross-cultural or foreign markets. One of the best example of this is given below, FOR EXAMPLE: (Mc vities) A British chocolate biscuits (Mc vities) manufacturer (cookies in American English) used the same approach and got the positive result. The company wanted to introduced the chocolate biscuits (Mc vities) in Japan .So, the company ignored its self reference criteria and introduced the biscuits in different attractive packaging to accommodate the Japanese market, inspite of its real packaging .Thus, in Japan Mc vities were wrapped individually and packed in presentation card board boxes and they were sold in price three times higher than in UK. The cookies are used as special gifts in Japan. FOR EXAMPLE: (UNILEVER) Being a international company Unilever used the same approach in Brazil to introduced its soap which was cheaper enough for Brazilians to buy and more convenient to use. Unilever repackaged and reformulated its detergent for Brazilians ,one of the main reason was the lack of washing machines among poorer Brazilian also they washed their clothes in rivers, and the powder was packaged in plastic bag instead of paper which get soggy immediately. Another reason is that the people of Brazil are price conscious and they buy in small quantities. For their convenience and their affordability the soap was packaged in small, low price packages. FOR EXAMPLE: (Mc Donald) Mc Donald being internationally famous modifies its traditional big mac in India, where it is named as the Maharaja Mac. The burger features the two mutton patties .The reason to modify its meals was a beef. Cow is considered sacred in India and Indians don,t eat beef. Individual persons reference criteria can prevent that marketer from being aware of cross cultural differences but also from recognizing the importance of those differences, hence the result is failure. There should be clear awareness among the marketers that not every activity within a marketing program is different from one country to another county and most probably are more similar than differences. The apparent similarities together with ones self reference criteria often become the cause of international marketing problems. Such a problem can be seen when the â€Å"Vicks† was introduced in Germany. The pharmaceutical companies in Europe introduce their products throughout the whole Europe simultaneously instead of country by country. The reason is that the pharmaceutical companies are familiar with the fact that there are deep-rooted national differences in how people think about health, diseases and their cure. It is the normal practice in United Kingdom and Holland tha t people prefer tablets when taking medicine, in Germany the injections are preferred .Same is the case with the causes of illness, Germans are more conscious and Obsessive about the heart and circulations and thats why the Germans are the Europes largest consumers of heart medicines. In UK, the doctors prefer to look for external agents and then they prescribes antibiotics while on other hand the people in central European countries first give preference to herbal treatments and hot and cold baths considering the antibiotics only as remedies of last resort. (source, Abstracted from Lynn payer, medicine culture New York Henry holt 1988, P.265) CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS: It can be defined as a type of analysis of across countries in which the data could be aggregated for each country and these aggregate statistics analyzed is called cross cultural analysis. (Naresh K.Malhotra, David F. Birks, MARKETING RESEARCH, THIRD EUROPEAN EDITION) In order to have a success and to avoid errors in business decisions the knowledgeable marketer will conduct a cross-cultural analysis and will design a frame that will enable him to isolate the self reference criteria influences and issues related to ethnocentrism. The following steps should be taken into account for such an analysis. Define the business problem or goal in home country cultural traits, habits and norms. Define the business problem or goal in foreign country cultural traits, habits or norms through consultation with natives of the target country also make no value judgement Isolate the SRC influence in th problem and examine it carefully to see how it complicated the problem. Redefine the problem without the influence of SRC and solve for the optimum business goal situation. The cross-cultural analysis approach requires an understanding of the culture of not only the foreign markets but also ones own national culture. CULTURE: Culture is always a collective phenomenon, because it is at least partially shared with people who live or lived within the same environment, which is where it was learned. It is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another â€Å"Culture is the sum of the values rituals, symbols, beliefs and thought processes that are learned, shared by the group of people and transmitted from generation to generation† According to Professor Geert Hofstede, culture is defined as the software of mind as it provides a guide for humans on how to think and behave: it is a problem solving tool. For a group of individuals or societies the culture works like a medium to deal properly in a system with problems and matters that relates them. Cultural difference has a great impact on the marketers especially for those who enter for first time to foreign markets. More deep knowledge will help the marketers to notice cultural differences in new markets and to get solutions for changes that occur in future. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: There are four major significant elements of culture which are as followed. Language Institutions Material productions Symbolic productions Language has played a prominent role in the history of every country and culture of those different countries. Linguist and anthropologist Benjamin Lee Whorf who is a chemical engineer working for a fire insurance company has spent a time on tracing the origins and grammar of American Indian language also he is a author of seminal and controversial hypothesis or whorf-sapir hypothesis. Whorf defends the idea that language that we learn in the respective community where we are born and raised, shapes and structure our world view and our social behavior. Institutional elements are a main bone of the cultural process. The institutions may be the family as well as political institutions or it can be any kind of social organization within which the individual has to work in accordance with rules in exchange for various rewards. In most cultures the first social institutions varies e.g, church, mosque, shirne or temple. As far as the international marketing is concerned the religion has a great impact on culture, so marketers with little or no understanding of cross- cultural religions should take time and think beyond the aspects of their national cultures. The Islamic religion is a good example of the need for a basic understanding of all major religions. The material production range from physical productions as well intellectual productions, artistry and service, these include tools, machines, factories, paper, books, instruments and media of communication, food clothing, ornaments etc. Media is one of the social institutions that most effectively influence the values and norms of any culture Symbolic and sacred elements are the basis for the description o the relations between the physical and the metaphysical world. Productions of culture can not be described only by their physical attributes, as they always comprise of some certain symbolic or sacred dimension. There is no denying in fact that the duties and the roles of the status positions found within a society are badly affected by the dictates of social institutions. FOR EXAMPLE: The election of low caste Hindus in India which were once called an â€Å"untouchable† as the president made international news because it was such a departure from traditional Hindu culture. Similarly, brushing against an untouchable or even starring or looking at one was considered enough to humiliate or insult a Hindu of high status. Since its been a long time that the caste system had been outlawed but it is still a part of the Hindu culture. CULTURE VALUES: The seminal work by Geert Hofstede has contributed a lot in relation to cultural values. After studying more than 90.000 people in 66 countries he concluded that cultures of the nations studied differed in four primary dimensions, also the wide variety of business and consumer behavior patterns are associated with three of four dimensions. Those four dimensions are as followed. Power distance Index (PDI) Uncertainity avoidance Index (UAI) Individualism/ collective Index (IDV) Masculinity/Femininity Index (MAS) Individualism or collective index focuses on self orientation Power distance index focuses on authority orientation Uncertainity avoidance index focuses on risk orientation Masculinity or femininity index focuses on assertiveness and achieveness. CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE : Cultural knowledge are of two types Factual knowledge Interpretive Knowledge The factual knowledge is obvious and must be learned .Different traits, colors and tastes local to a culture are some important facts that a marketer can study in details The interpretive knowledge can be defined as the knowledge or an ability to understand and to admire fully the characteristics, values of different cultural traits and patterns . Apart from other things the marketers should have a spirit of appreciation of how cultures change and accept or reject new ideas.

Physics of a Kayak (Qayaq) Essay example -- physics kayak kayaking qay

Qayaqs, now known as kyaks, were used by the Yup'ik Eskimos of Southwest Alaska. The Qayaq is a symbol of the Yup'ik culture. It symbolizes the significance of subsistence and using the surrounding resources to survive. This vessel also represents the intelligence and ingenuity of the Yup'ik people developing and designing a water craft that was swift, quiet, and could withstand harsh water turbulence. They were used as a mode of transportation for subsistence hunting and gathering. They were also a symbol of importance in society. "...it was the basis among men for obtaining wealth and women" (Zimmerly, 40). Wealth was measured on the ammount of goods a man could give away, indicating he was a successful hunter. In turn, because this hunter had a qayaq, he had to be skillful in manuvering the qayaq and hunting which gave him status in the community. This would be equivalent to a man owning his own vehicle and having a good job (Zimmerly, 40). "Each qayaq was outfitted with hunting suppliments to ensure the hunter's success." (http://www.alaskanative.net/341.asp). This mode of transportation was very efficient and aventageous while traveling along coast lines and upstream against a current. This style and of sea vessel is known as the Bearing Sea Kyak. Qayaq building was a very time consuming process. There was a ceremony held in the traditional men's house while each of the wooden memebers of the qayaq was cut. Each piece of wood was measured by the size of the owner. "Thus each man's kyak is built according to the specifications of his own body and hence is peruliarly fitted to his use" (Zimmerly, 40). Qayaqs were on average fifteen feet in length. They had wide and deep hulls, the bilges were rounded and slightly fl... ...L/n "As a rule of thumb R ~3000 turbulent flow" Anything in between 2000 and 3000 is unstable and may go back and forth between laminar and turbulent flow. (www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/flow1.pdf) Works Cited Alaska Native Heritage Center. Floating Bodies 101. Lincoln, K J. "Qayanek: The Resurrection of a Lost Art." Delta Discovery 13 October 2004. 14+ Serway, Jewett. Physics for Scientists and Engineers 6th Edition. Pomona: California State Polytechnic University. 2004. Visual Physics. Yup'ik Qayaq. Zimmerly, David W. Qayaq: Kayaks of Alaska and Siberia. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2000.

ATHLETIC BURNOUT :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athletic staleness and burnout is a big problem for many of today’s athletes whether they are at the amateur or professional level. The good thing about this problem that ends up in total and complete physical and emotional exhaustion is that it can be recognized when it is taking place. It can also be treated if the recognition comes at too late of a stage of the onset of staleness and burnout. But the best remedy for athletic staleness and burnout is prevention of it in the first place. There are three different models that have been used to explain the causes of athlete burnout.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first one is the cognitive affective stress model, which tells us that the athlete is burned out due to chronic stress on the mind and body during athletic competition and outside of athletic competition. The second is the negative training stress response model that argues that burnout happens as a result of over training. The last one, which is undimensional identity development and external control model suggests burnout is caused by social problems in the way that a sport is organized believing the athletes have no control over their environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When diagnosing a player for staleness or burnout there are several behaviors that would make burnout noticeable. The first telltale sign would be that a player is in a slump at some point during the season. Another sign would be serious lapses in the players practice performance and chronic fatigue. The behavior of the athlete in all situations seems to be deteriorating when burnout and staleness are taking place. But there are ways to prevent complete burnout if the behaviors are detected early enough and coaches take heed to the warning signs. If the coach sees his players showing signs of lack of sleep, a sudden loss of confidence, a look of depression, or emotional instability. He should know that the player is in staleness mode and complete burnout is inevitable if something is not done about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the player does go into complete burnout mode or is even in a staleness rut there are treatments for the player. The most effective of all treatments is psychological reprogramming. The coach should begin to focus the player’s attention on new goals in the short term and reward their positive behaviors. H e should give the players more rest time in between practice and games and allow them to take their mind off of competition and performance for a while.

Stricter DUI Penalties Needed! Essay -- drunk driving, argument, alcoh

Alcohol is the main beverage for parties and special occasions in the United States. Many people decide to drink alcohol because it helps them relax, ease tension and socializing. Even most non-drinkers are forced to drink alcohol because of peer pressure. Hebert Moskowitz, the president of the Southern California Research Institute in Los Angeles, concedes that â€Å"alcohol has been so popular these days; it seems as though alcohol is a requirement for parties† (Moskowitz, 13). Unfortunately, most UNM students do not know their limits for alcohol consumption. By the time a party is over, they fail to realize that they had one too many drinks and they decide to drink and drive. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety and Administration (NHTSA), in 2009 there were approximately 10,839 reported student drunk driving fatalities. Even though the number of alcohol-related crashes decreases every year, driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol should not be underestimat ed. Approximately every twenty-two minutes, one in every fifty American drunk drivers crashes due to alcohol (NHTSA, 2009). Many UNM students under the influence of alcohol do not understand the consequences as they get into their car. It is our duty as students to take action against student drunk drivers, in order to make our campus and roads safer. The solution is simple. As students, we need to be re-educate UNM students about DUI and petition to ask the Government of New Mexico for harsher penalties against drunk drivers. There have been many awareness campaigns, such as the current, â€Å"You Drink, You Drive, You Lose Campaign.† Many campaigns have tried to let UNM students understand the dangers of drinking while driving. However, many students still conti... ...ws, Sports, Entertainment, Jobs, Classifieds And Advertising. 21 Feb. 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. . Moskowitz, Hebert, and Marcelline Burns. "Effects of Alcohol on Driving Performance." Alcohol Health & Research World 17.4 (1993): 12-15. NHTSA. "Traffic Safety Facts 2009." National Center for Statistics and Analysis: 13-143. Web. 8 Apr. 2011. . Pacheco, Angela. "Transportation Safety Law Center." Transportation Safety Law Center Home Page. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. . Sen, Anindya. "WILL STRICTER PENALTIES DETER DRUNK DRIVING?" Policy Options (1999): 54-60. Print. Think Quest. "1.4 Underage Drinking - ThinkQuest." Oracle Think Quest Education Foundation. Web. 8 Apr. 2011.

“Forgiving my father” by Lucille Clifton Essay

As a person treads through life, he or she will realize at one point or another that the existence of complex relationships will often have an affect on the actions of those involved. The nature of these relationships can have either a positive or negative effect on a person depending on the nature of it, or how severe its elements are. It is human nature to hold emotions inward and uphold a proud countenance; however, those who go against this natural tendency will exert a rebellion of sorts to any and every falsehood. In the poem â€Å"forgiving my father† by Lucille Clifton, the speaker describes a daughter is haunted by recollections of strife between her and her father. The speaker in the poem actually seeks to hold her father accountable for his shortcomings instead of forgiving him for his deficiencies. In the poem â€Å"My papa’s waltz† by Theodore Roethke, it is clear that the papa and the child have a relationship sprinkled with fear, joy and love. Both fathers in the poems are dangerous to their child in many ways. In Clifton’s poem, the speaker is in danger because of the mental distress and financial instability caused by her father. In Roethke’s poem, the speaker is in danger mainly due to his father’s abusive behavior. In Clifton’s poem, the speaker is using a monetary debt to symbolize a debt of love and affection. The father in this poem is unable to provide the necessary care for his family which leads to the early death of the speaker’s mother, and causes mental distress to the speaker. The speaker is haunted by her father even in sleeping. â€Å"all week you have stood in my dreams/like a ghost, asking for more time†(Clifton, Lucile â€Å"forgiving my father†, line 3-4) How can a ghost pay debts and asking for more time? It cannot. The word â€Å"ghost† symbolizes the worriment that the speaker has over the unpaid debts and lacks of care. While on the other hand, the father in Roethke’s poem, comes home drunk after a long day just in time for his son’s bedtime.†The whiskey on your breath/Could make a small boy dizzy/We romped until the pans/Slid from the kitchen shelf;/My mother’s countenance/Could not unfrown itself.† (Roethk e, Theodore â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, line 5-8) Envisioning a heavy-drunk man romping through the house with his small son, it is easy to see why a mother may frown at the spectacle. It is nearly time for bed, and the father is doing everything to get the son riles up rather than calm down for sleep. The fact that the romping dance is even disrupting  the order of the mother’s â€Å"kitchen shelf† surely contributes to her frowning countenance. Instead of bringing joy and love to their home, neither one of the fathers cares about his family. They bring danger to their family and leave unhealed wounds on their children. The father in Clifton’s poem is dangerous to the speaker. The relationship between the speaker and her father is marked by resentment and abandonment. In the second stanza of the poem, the speaker states that her grandfather is also a needy man just like her father.†but you were the son of a needy father,/the father of a needy son,† (Clifton, line 12-13) With neediness flowing through the family, the speaker is worried about her own destiny. The father in this poem sets a miserable path for the speaker to follow. In comparison to the father in Clifton’s poem, the father in Roethke’s poem abuses his child physically. The speaker depicts a harsh father-son relationship is that the description of the dancing is violent with systematic child-abuse. â€Å"The hand that held my wrist/Was battered on one knuckle;/At every step you missed/My right ear scraped a buckle./You beat time on my head† (Roethke, line 9-13) The father â€Å"beat time† on the child’s head and crashes around the room so much that â€Å"the pans/slid from the kitchen shelf.† The word â€Å"beat† is a clear indication of abuse, and the fact that the child is held still by a hand that is itself â€Å"battered† strengthened the sense that manual violence is the subject of the poem. A child doesn’t voluntarily use the word â€Å"beat† in the context of an adult’s relationship to the child unless intending to suggest child-abuse. The image of the father’s belt buckle scraping the child’s ear in the third stanza confirms the father uses whatever tools are available to accomplish this beating. Furthermore, the child doesn’t appear to be enjoying himself. â€Å"But I hung on like death./Such waltzing was not easy.† (Roethke, line 3-4) The child describes the â€Å"waltz† as requiring him to hang on â€Å"like death† is hardly a positive description of something a little boy would welcome. The word â€Å"death† raises the threatening reminder that child-abuse all too often has fatal consequences. In conclusion, both fathers are dangerous to their children. The father in  Clifton’s poem possesses an invisible danger to the speaker; while the other father possesses a visible danger to the speaker. However, I learn an important lesson from both poems also, which is to appreciate my parents even more. It is because my parents always love me unconditionally. I also learn to forgive others who may have hurt me either physically or emotionally. Often, forgiving someone can be a hard task. It can even be a crime for those who wish never to forgive. Forgiveness must come from the heart, and can be the solution to both parties.

Teaching Speaking

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT Speaking and Writing. Common and Distinctive features in Teaching PRESENTED BY Suzan Al-Jholani a fifth year student of the English Department SUPERVISED BY Sanotska L. G. associate professor of the English Department LVIV 2012 Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 I. Common features in teaching speaking and writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. Distinctive features in teaching speaking and writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Communication between humans is an extremely complex and ever-changing phenomenon. But there are certain generalizations that can be made about the majority of communicative events and these will have a particular relevance for the learning and teaching of languages. There are countless reasons for communication between individuals: they want to say something, they have some communicative purpose, they want to get some information, etc.It is important to realize that these generalizations do not only apply to spoken word: they characterize written communication as well. Speaking and writing are called productive skills because they involve language production, as opposed to lis tening and reading, which are receptive skills [1, 46-47]. Common features in teaching speaking and writing The productive skills of writing and speaking have more distinctive than common features. However, there are number of language production processes which have to be gone through whichever medium we are working in.In order for communication to be successful we have to structure our discourse in such a way that it will be understood by our listeners and readers. In speech this often involves following of conversational patterns and the use of lexical phrases. For the part of writing it has to be both coherent and cohesive. Coherent writing makes sense because you can follow the sequence of ideas and points. Cohesion is more technical matter since it is here that we concentrate on the various linguistic ways of connecting ideas across phrases and sentences [2, 246].Both teaching writing and speaking involves following the rules of communication. There are three areas of rules th at should be considered: * Sociocultural rules: speakers from similar social backgrounds know how to speak to each other in terms of how formal to be, what kind of language they can use, how loud to speak, or how close to stand to each other. * Turn-taking: in any conversation decisions have to be taken about when each person should speak. * Rules for writing: writing has rules too, which need to be recognized and either be followed or purposively flouted.We have to take into the account the genre and the style of writing [2, 246]. One of the reasons that people can operate within sociocultural rules is because they know about different styles, and recognize different written and spoken genres. This depends on the aim of communication, on the recipient and setting. In order to speak and write at different levels of intimacy students need practice in different genres and different styles so that their level increases they can vary the grammar, functions ,and lexis that they can use . It is vital, therefore, that if the coursebook does not offer a satisfactory range of such genre-based activities teachers should supply it themselves [2,247]. Teachers have to teach how to interact with the audience. Part of our speaking proficiency depends upon our ability to speak differentially, depending upon our audience, and upon the way we absorb their reaction and respond to it in some way or other. Part of our writing ability depends upon our ability to change our style and structure to suit the person or people we are writing for [2, 248].When speakers or writers of their own or of a foreign language do not know a word or just cannot remember it, they may employ some or all of the following strategies to resolve the difficulty they are encountering: * Improvising: speakers sometimes try any word or phrase that they can come up with in the hope that it is about right. * Discarding: when speakers simply cannot find words for what they want to say, they may discard the thoug ht that they cannot put into words. Foreignising: when operating in a foreign language, speakers (and writers) sometimes choose a word in a language they know well (such as their first language) and ‘foreignise' it in the hope that it will be equivalent to the meaning they wish to express in the foreign language. * Paraphrasing: speakers sometimes paraphrase. Such lexical substitution or circumlocution gets many speakers out of trouble, though it can make communication longer and more convoluted [2, 249].To prevent problems that students may encounter while improving speaking and writing skills teachers have to follow certain principles. In the first place, they need to match the tasks they ask students to perform with their language level. This means ensuring that they have the minimum language they would need to perform such a task. Secondly, teachers need to ensure that there is a purpose to the task and that students are aware of this. They should also remember that studen ts who are not used to speaking or writing spontaneously need to be helped to cultivate such habits.Teachers should not expect instant fluency and creativity; instead they should build up students' confidence step by step giving them restricted tasks first before prompting them to be more and more spontaneous later. Finally, teachers need to assess the problems caused by the language they need, and the difficulties which the topic or the genre might create [2,251-253]. To make students inspired teacher has to choose interesting topic and create interest in it. It is also important to vary the topics they offer them so that they cater for the variety of interests within the class.It is also vitally important to vary the genres teachers ask their students to work with if we want them to gain confidence in writing and speaking in different situations. Distinctive features in speaking and writing teaching One of the reasons that teaching writing is so different from teaching speech is t hat two types of discourse differ in their basic characteristics. Differences between them imply different types of exercises which focus on different aspects of language and demand different levels of correctness [1,52].Writing requires a greater degree of accuracy, and is in many ways the more difficult skill to learn. For a start, the written form is visible and mistakes are seen. With speaking, students often make ‘slips of the tongue’-they have said something wrong, but if they could hear a recording of what they said, they could correct the mistake themselves. Written task on the one hand often require accuracy and formal language. Because they recognize this, many students feel under pressure when writing.However, with writing students can proof-read and self-correct. They can go more slowly and carefully than when they are speaking. It is an important skill teachers must teach students-read what they have written [4,182]. Punctuation is another factor absent fro m speaking. Increasingly these days, one might question the importance of correct punctuation, but whereas one can accept that the correct use of colons or semi-colons is not really so important, surely the correct use of capitalization and question marks, for example, does matter [4, 182].Spelling may also cause problems, something which mother-tongue speakers have difficulty with. Again, people differ in their views of the importance of correct spelling, but the fact remains that, teachers have to recognize what is ‘correct' writing, and what is ‘incorrect'. If they cannot recognize a mistake, then they cannot correct it [4, 182]. With Writing, students do not have to concern themselves with aspects of pronunciation, or being fluent. Those students who are much more interested in accuracy than fluency, arc often very good when writing.It is very common to find students who have had accuracy-based language learning, writing extremely well and accurately, but that is dif ficult for them to express themselves orally [1, 53]. Writing tends to be more economical in its use of the language. There are no ‘hesitators' (‘mmm', ‘er', ‘well', etc. ) that litter our conversation. Written language is direct and efficient. The writer suffers from the disadvantage of not getting immediate feedback from the reader – and sometimes getting no feedback at all.In writing students can not use intonation or stress, and facial expression, gesture and body movement. These disadvantages have to be compensated for the greater clarity and by the use of grammatical and stylistic techniques for focusing attention on main points, etc. Most importantly there is greater need for logical organization in piece of writing than there is in a conversation, for the reader has to understand what has been written without asking for clarification or relying on the writer’s tone of voice or expression [1,53].When teaching writing, therefore, there are special considerations to be taken into account which include the organizing of sentences into paragraphs, how paragraphs are joined together, and the general organization of ideas into a coherent piece of discourse [1,54]. Creative writing practice is a critical part of learning a written language. Writing can be encouraged through poetry, stories, plays and dialogues, but it important that students be engaged and interested in the writing projects.Pen pal letters between students can help to capture the interests of a class as they learn written communication with their peers utilizing the new language. The objective of such a project would be for students to learn how to use appropriate language and produce suitable letters that can be sent as a correspondence, but can also be used as effective evaluation and grading tools. Speaking a language involves using the  components correctly – making the right sounds, choosing the  right words and getting constructions gramma tically correct.Pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary tasks  will focus on the need  for practice in language accuracy. At the same time, we also need to  get a clear message across and this  involves choosing appropriate content or ideas to suit a situation, e. g. deciding what is polite or what might appear rude, how to interrupt or how to participate in a conversation. All this involves practice in language fluency. Speaking requires thinking on the spot, practice and exposure to the language over time. Speakers have a great range of expressive possibilities at their command.Apart from the actual words they use they can vary their intonation and stress which helps them to show which part of what they are saying is most important. By varying pitch and intonation their voice can clearly convey their attitude to what they are saying. They can indicate interest or lack of it. At any point in speech event speakers can rephrase what they are saying; they can speed up or slow do wn. This will often be done in response to the feedback they are getting from their listeners who will show through variety of gestures , expressions and interruptions that they do not understand.And in a face to face interaction the speaker can use a whole range of facial expressions, gestures and general body to help to convey the message. Developing speaking skills in the classroom can include a wide variety of activities. Controlled lessons that include drilling and pre-planned, question and answer prompts can help students develop skills under the teacher’s watchful eye. Guided activities such as dialogues and role-play scenarios, while based on accuracy, do allow for more creativity and individual exploration with the language.Exact language may not be as controlled in such activities and students have a chance to practice their language with a bit more freedom. Students improve their formal speech when teachers provide insights on how to organize their ideas for presen tation. Students can give better speeches when they can organize their presentation in a variety of different ways, including sequentially, chronologically and thematically. They need practice in organizing their speech around problems and solutions, causes and results, and similarities and differences.After deciding about the best means of organization, they can practice speeches with another student or with the whole class. Teachers can also help students adapt their speeches and informal talks so as to correspond to the intended audience, the information to be communicated, and the circumstances of the occasion at which they will speak. The teachers can illustrate how well-known speakers have adapted their presentations in ways to suit these different circumstances Students may enjoy speaking about their personal experiences.When given this opportunity, they can benefit from instruction in the elements of good story-telling. Both teachers and students can provide suggestions for students’ speeches. In constructively criticizing others, learners can learn to apply criteria for good speech and employ tactful social skills. In doing so, they can increase and improve their own speaking skills. Students can also learn speaking and social skills by suggesting possible improvements to one another’s practice speeches. Positive experiences in speaking can lead to greater skills and confidence in speaking in front of larger groups.These activities help students to become familiar and comfortable with the new language. Creative communication involves more fluency-based activities that can really enable students to utilize their creative thinking and language skills. Activities of this type might include discussions, simulations and communication games, but they may also include real- life experiences such as a field trip to a restaurant or a guest visitor in the classroom, providing opportunities for students to use the new language in a less controlled setting.Careful planning and preparation are a necessity for this kind of learning experience, and such lessons must be followed-up with some form of assessment or evaluation tool to determine the effectiveness of the experience, but the benefits to the student can be significant. Not only are students making connections between the language they are learning in the classroom and the language used in the real world, they are practicing their skills and developing their own methods for utilizing and retaining the new language.In comparison to speaking skills, the development of writing skills involves many of the same difficulties and some additional challenges, including differences in grammar and vocabulary use, spelling, structure, punctuation and others. A variety of games in the classroom and as pair, small-group or homework activities, can be utilized to provide controlled practice and experience with writing. Crosswords, word finds, gap fills and story boards are but a few of the games and activities that can be adapted for teaching writing skills including vocabulary, spelling, grammar and pronunciation.Developing useful and effective language skills requires practice and experience, from controlled lessons to authentic, real-life experiences. The basic building blocks of a language are critical to the learning process but practical experience, creative exploration, and opportunities to practice in less controlled activities can help to bind the various parts of language acquisition into a solid understanding of the new language and how it can be used. Whether speaking or writing, students need to be able to activate the knowledge they have learned in the classroom in order to communicate successfully in their new language.Conclusions Being productive skills, speaking and writing involve language production. They have both common and distinctive features in teaching; although distinctive have majority in number. For communication to be successful (eithe r oral or written one) students have to know how to structure the discourse, to be aware of rules of communication, different styles and genres, have knowledge about how to interact with audience. In productive skills teaching strategies to resolve the difficulties that students can encounter are the same.To prevent problems that students may encounter while improving speaking and writing skills we teachers have to follow certain principles: match the tasks with students’ language level, built student confidence step by step, choose interesting topic and create interest in it. Taking into account the fact that speaking skills require fluency and frequency, and writing skills demand accuracy – different teaching strategies and activities have to be used. References 1. Harmer, J. The practice of English language teaching. – London and New Jork: Longman, 1991. – 296 p. 2. Harmer, J.The practice of English language teaching. Third Eddition. -Londin: Longman,2 001. – 371 p. 3. Lavery, C. Language Assistant. http://www. scribd. com/doc/14112081/Whole-Manual 4. Riddell, D. Teach English as a foreign language. -London: Hodder Edducation , 2010. -366 p. 5. Sariel, O. Teaching productive skills – fine tuning speaking and writing skills. http://ru. scribd. com/doc/58656496/Teaching-Productive-Skills 6. Wallace T. , Stariba W. , Walberg H. Teaching, speaking, listening and writing. http://www. ibe. unesco. org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/EducationalPracticesSeriesPdf/PRATICE_14. pdf